Comparison of two Egyptian Sculpture Relief Depicting

Comparison of two Egyptian Sculpture Relief Depicting a Man Inspecting His Stables; Ships Unloading Merchandise and Relief Block, Plucking and Roasting Fowl, Herds Crossing Water By shackles Comparison of two Egyptian Sculpture Relief Depicting a Man Inspecting His Stables; Ships Unloading Merchandise and Relief Block, Plucking and Roasting Fowl, Herds Crossing Water In Egyptian art, the greatest achievements are tomb relief, huge number of tomb relief shows the people who were rich enough at that period want to bring their rich and glory even after they dead.The Early royal relief are somewhat too idealism on the figures, heir figures on the tomb relief are usually rough on the surface. However, the technique of making tomb relief developed extremely quickly starting from the 3rd Dynasty; the techniques were already extremely advanced, and styles are increasing a lot. Using the finely detailed decoration in the tomb relief are the tradition way. This kind of technique that shows the figures standing out slightly above the Egyptian period continued through the 6th-Dynasty and into the Middle Kingdom, especially using for royal monuments. Visual-arts-cork. Com) There are many characteristics that diddle kingdom and new kingdom have are clearly crucial and a little different from each other, including the details of the techniques, color and style. The Tomb Relief from late dynasty 18 and Relief from a tomb at E-Light are the two tomb relief which have some commons and differences; both of them are tomb relief and both of them are about the farming figure, there are some figures about people working in different sections and also a lot of animals on that too. The Egyptian art's function was twofold.Firstly, the function shows the god's glory and making the passage after-life more comfortable. Then, the function Europeanizes the information and the value of the Egyptian art. The life in Egypt was generally stable such as the cultural and life; even the arts, inclu ding their architecture and sculptures, also painting, metalwork, goldsmith and ceramics. (visual-arts-cork. Com) Most of the art works in Egypt have the characteristic which is ‘highly conservative adherence to traditional rules' (Neil Collins, visual-arts-cork. Mom), it had a good affection on focus on the order rather than creativity and artistic expression. (visual-arts-cork. Com) During The Middle Kingdom, with its capital at Thebes (2000-1786 B. C. ), was a brand new age of experiment and invention which grew out of the turbulence of the First Intermediate Period (2134-c. 2000 B. C. ). (encyclopedia. Com) Most of the forms of the Old Kingdom were retained; However, the traditional unity style was changed. The development of formalism was mixed with a meticulous delicacy of craftsmanship. Precancerous. Com) There were more from the artists' inside thought, most of them were successful in tomb relief or sculpture, like the rock-cut tombs at Ban Has are outstanding for free dom of draftsmanship, and the sensitive portraits of Stories Ill ND Amendment Ill were all extremely famous and successful in doing the Egyptian arts. (Precancerous. Com) Also, their figures are more idealism on the torso but realism on their head and face, the animals were set as a line organized. (encyclopedia. Mom) The Relief from a tomb at EL-Light is from the middle kingdom, it has found reused as a door sill that in a door of a later house by the modern cemetery near the pyramid, possibly from the tomb of Ankhs. Inside the picture, ancient Egyptian outdoor life is preserved clearly. Two men sit in a tent and preparing for a meal that the tomb when will later enjoy. The man on the right plucks the feathers of a large goose, and the other one on the left roasts a duck on a spit over a low fire that he brings to glow with a fan. The other birds, a bag, and two rolled-up sheets of cloth were hanged up from a line above.Then, on the bottom of the picture, a number of cattle have Ju st emerged from swampy water, and some water spilled because the herd is on its way to higher ground. (Wall texts from Mutest) From this tomb relief, the function is a traditional Egyptian tomb relief that is showing the daily life even including the errors' lives. It reflects the life at that period, even a tiny thing like preparing for a meal. Zoom in to the lines and the expression of the three- dimensional from, the technique the sculptor used is fine and smooth. These two men' figures are not naturalism; the pose and the arrangement of the figure are neat and orderly.Especially those animals, the cattle are all the same. Additionally, one symbolist thing is the pose that the man holding the ducks neck. This tomb relief is realism on the face and idealism in the torso, also extremely well done in some specific details. The New Kingdom's art (1570-1342 B. C. ) can be seen as the final development of the traditional classic Egyptian style of the Middle Kingdom, there is a combinat ion of the drive inspiration of the Middle Kingdom and the monumental forms of the Old Kingdom. This period's painting are famous because boldness of controlled vitality and boldness.Their sculpture usually emphasis on bulk, solidity and impersonality. In some single scenes, or the works on the wall from ceiling to the floor, each figure had its place properly and was not allow to overflow its space. Then en of the most table achievements of Egyptian craft men was the technique when they put human figure in a space, it seems to be cramped or overcrowded, but the they still take control of the whole picture's balance. (visual-arts-cork. Com) Then, The Tomb Relief from late dynasty 18 is a perfect example of this period.The pictures of this relief use the cattle that being force-fed while the tomb owner followed by several retainers on the right of the picture. In the bottom of the picture, ships unload their produce that is first heaped on shore then carried away by porters. This rel ief block almost certainly came from a tomb at Memphis. With an infusion odd liberating energy and ideas from Marin, private relief work flourished in Memphis in the post-Marin period and at that period, the wealthy people more like to let the figure on the tomb relief more naturalism. Wall texts from Mutest) This way that shows the life of workers is a terrific way which be used to show the multiple stages in a developing sequence of actions, rather than the frames of a strip cartoon because it is clearer. During the Old Kingdom, the agricultural is one of the most popular themes for most of the tomb relief. (visual-arts-cork. Mom) Also, the wall paintings during that period which shows plunging, sowing harvesting and threshing the grain are all symbolist faithfully represented.It shows the herdsmen working in the pastures taking care of the cattle so prized by the ancient Egyptians even other views depict the trapping of the waterfowl especially in the Nile marshes and fishing in the river itself. (visual-arts-cork. Com) Because of these views from daily life let the sculptors were able to use their initiative and let themselves feel free and explore a little of theirs imagination and retreat. When they show the dead man and his family, it had to be more presented in regular poses as a description: larger than life, strictly proportioned, and always calm and somewhat aloof, (visual-arts-cork. Mom) However, The rural workers on the estate could be shown at their daily lives in a relaxed way, something with lives or energetic can be usually captured, and that always have an outstanding characterized which can symbolize the ancient Egyptians. (visual-arts-cork. Com) While the offering-bearers, symbolizing the funerary gifts from the estates to their rod, are depicted moving towards him in formal and stately procession, the peasants at work in the fields seem both sturdy and vigorous. (visual-arts-cork. Mom) Look inside the tomb relief techniques, it clearly sho ws the details and the meaning of the whole story, every people have their own characteristic and different poses. Further, the tomb relief from here is becoming more three-dimensional. Even when we see these two tomb relief and find out they look remarkably similar from each other, they are all about the daily life in Egyptian, they all shows the real unusual smoothly techniques that people in that period have the highly developed skill of making the tomb relief. Using tomb relief is the good way to reflect their owner's life and the dynasty they were in.The relief from a tomb at EL-Light shows the owner's power and their wealthy life; the second Tomb Relief is a little different from the first one, it show about the owner wants to be more kind, they were not like to show their glory anymore; they more want to have a kind of feeling of realism, but the way they show is mostly idealism from the torso and the heads. The most preference is the level of the three-dimensional of the tom b relief, the middle kingdom seems there is a start of doing this, then it is getting more three- dimensional until the New kingdom.

Prostitution of Children and Child Prostitutes

PROSTITUTION Prostitution is defined as the act, practice or profession of offering the body for sexual relations for money. (New Webster’s Dictionary 1995:802). The Encyclopedia Americana (1997) defined prostitution as â€Å"the performance of sexual acts with another person in return for the payment of a fee. † Child prostitution is therefore, prostitution embarked upon by children who are below the age of 18 and are supposed to be catered for by their parents.It is commonly acknowledged that acts of prostitution are performed by women for men nevertheless occasions arise when the acts are done by men for men. The context of this work deals particularly with female child prostitution. UNICEF considers child prostitutes as young girls in sex trade, who are between the age bracket of 8 and 16. (Jubilee Action Report 1995). In the Nigerian milieu, prostitutes below the age of 18 are regarded as child prostitutes, since only persons above 18 years of age are statutorily r egarded as adults.Child prostitution is the â€Å"sexual exploitation of girls and teenagers† (Awake February 8, 2003:6). Available data show that approximately 1. 5million children in India, 1 million in Asia, 100,00 children in United States and 500 children in Latin America are engaged in prostitution (Healy, 1995:35). Awake (February 8,2003:2) reported,â€Å"there were about 300,000 child prostitutes on the streets, in another land where drug trafficking flourishes†. According to Jubilee Action report (1995:10), up to 1 million female children join prostitution each year around the globe.However, the clandestine nature of child prostitution makes it impossible to calculate the exact number of working prostitutes, nonetheless the International Labour Organization (ILO) analysis (1993-1994), estimates that between 0. 25% and 1. 5% of the total female population are engaged in this trade. Globally, child prostitution is illegal and it is also regarded as a barbarous c rime, yet it persists. Why? Child prostitution does not just happen. It is caused by a variety of factors some are perpetrated by the prostitutes themselves, while other factors are external to the prostitutes themselves.This is really a growing problem in developed world and developing world like Nigeria (Quintanilla, 1997:20). CAUSES OF CHILD PROSTITUTION IN Owerri Municipal Council 1. Misery and POVERTY: Poverty is the most common reason why most families sell the services of their female children to augment their income in order to buy food or clothes and other necessities of life. (Janssen, 2001:10). The case of child labour is a typical factor that exposes children to prostitution. The hired female children are sent out to hawk food items on the streets, motor parks, and mechanic garages thereby exposing them to rapes as well as sexual harassment s.Barnes H. C. (1959:95) observed that some females take to prostitution due to sheer destitution. Awake (February 8,2003:5) reporte d that some street children resort to prostitution because they see it as their only means of survival. The Awake further related an experience of a mother of 14-year-old girl who lured her daughter into this ignominious trade. The woman said about her daughter, â€Å"she was beautiful and that men would like her very much. Besides, she would earn a lot of money. † In the evenings, the woman takes her daughter to a motel where they make contacts.The mother stays nearby to receive the payments. Each night, this girl has sex with three or four men. 2. UNEMPLOYMENT: Unemployment of either the parents or the child results in unreliable source of income thereby forcing children into prostitution as an alternative means of income to support the family. Ironically, the International Labour Organization observes that a child’s ability to earn money is limited. It is estimated that the money earned by the child only contributes to approximately 10% of the family’s overal l income and therefore has minimal effect on the family’s monetary gain (Dimenstein, 1994:12).Due to high degree of unemployment, the brothels employ some female children who serve in their drinking spots to promote their business. 3. HUMANS TRAFFICKING: Human trafficking is another evil leading to child prostitution. Human trafficking which represent the world’s third largest criminal activity following only after drug and weapons trafficking is sometimes purported to send teenagers to other countries to work. These would-be workers who sometimes end up prostitutes actually â€Å"work† and repatriate money to their respective home countries (Awake, February 8, 2003: 5).Many times, hard times hit these fellows as they are deported to come and continue this profession at home. Some of the female prostitutes come home to take some younger females to their places either to help them or to make them their servants and at the long run they get converted to prostituti on, which is their boss’ profession. 4. DECEPTION ENCOURAGES PROSTITUTION: Pimps or brothel owners deceive some parents by paying them money and assuring to enlist their children in their â€Å"domestic services†, which later turns to be prostitution.These brothel owners who are termed the girl’s â€Å"owners† take control of the child’s’ activities. Moreover, these owners do everything possible to retain these girls who earn money for them to maintain their lavish lifestyle (Robinson, 2001:50) and (Dimenstein 1994:10). Apart from the pimps, other intermediaries who benefit from child prostitution do anything possible to see the act continued. Most females are led into this act of prostitution by their masters.Some of them could be anaesthetized by their masters in order to have fun with them and when eventually the woman of the house gets to know about the act she will be thrown out side to continue the act with other men including the mast er. 5. DYSFUNCTIONAL FAMILY ENVIRONMENT PROMOTES PROSTITUTION: Children of broken homes sleep wherever they see space to do so in the day, and go to the disco and nightclubs in the night. Ekejiuba I. K. (1996:13) discovered that ill treatment of children at home might make them to take to the street in order to find solace.Then the end result may be the hawking of their body to support themselves. 6 POOR EDUCATION: Some children cannot support themselves materially in view of low educational training they received, so they resort to prostitution as their only profession (Rodriguez- Garcia, 1999:55). Girl-child Education Initiative In Africa (January 2003:20) highlights the effect of poor education in the whole of Africa. In connection with poor education, peer pressure, bad association The causes and effects of child prostitution in Owerri Municipal Council and street ganging contribute to child prostitution.Identifiably, a girl may end up as a prostitute by her association, peer pr essure and by running with a street gang (Okebugwu, 1989:25); Adetore, (1974:60); Oti (1984:15); and Daily Times ( May 15,1999:12). 7. AIDS SCARE PROMOTES CHILD PROSTITUTION: The high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS make customers of prostitutes to look for children who are considered to be of low risk, and most probably virgins (Robinson, 2001:13). Patrons of child prostitutes are willing to pay a great deal of money to be a girl’s first client.In the streets, brothels and drinking spots these days a lot of female children are being employed to help lure more male customers to their spots. Places like Amaram by Tetlow Road and some places in Onyeche Street in Owerri have a high number of female child prostitutes who are employed only to facilitate their business. This is because there is the fear that other older female prostitutes in the same profession could have various STDs. 8. DRUG ABUSE AND ADDICTION ARE PRO-CHILD PROSTITUTIONThe influence of drugs can subject a child to prostitution and to certain indignifying acts of prostitution which she may otherwise never agree to given her sound mind (Lewis 1980:70); and Udechi (1987:15). 9. REBELLION AND FEELING OF INDEPENDENCE This is another factor promoting child prostitutions. Some girls are shamelessly bold. What is more, they feel that the body is theirs thus they should decide what to do with their body. (Bennet, G and Robert, P. 1985:207). 10. PORNOGRAPHY AGGRAVATES CHILD PROSTITUTION: Pornography also puts viewers at increased risk for developing sexually deviant tendencies. Awake July 22, 2003:7). Pornography is identified as promoting â€Å"the rape myth† which is a belief that women cause and enjoy rape. Additionally, the repeated use of pornography interferes with the ability to enjoy and participate in normal marital intimacy. Dr. Victor Cline, who specializes in treating sex addiction claims that â€Å"deviant sexual acts results† when a viewer tries to ac t out the pornography-based fantasies. 11. Incestuous violation and rape in homes as a factor: Some youths were raped in their own homes, which act changed their outlook in life.Some of such ones give vent to prostitution. Two other closely related causes of prostitution are glamor associated with it and insatiable sexual urges in some females. Blag(1976:68) observed that some prostitutes take to this lifestyle because of their innate desire for glamour or that they want to maintain a standard of life, which is impossible by ordinary means of earning, a life reminiscent of Greek aether. On the other hand, Ekejiuba(1996:14) identified other females, nymphomaniacs, who engage in prostitution for the sake of â€Å"fun† or pleasure they derive from it. 2 SUDDEN EXPOSURE: Furthermore, illicit love affairs in the presence of children may subject them to early prostitution. Some parents perform extra marital affairs in the presence of their wards. This exposes the children to early sex life. The premature death of one or both of the parents has also been discovered as one of the causes of child prostitution. Because of the chasm created by such loss, a teenage girl may be fraught with the onerous task of catering for herself and other family members. More importantly, no one may exist to give stern guideline on her.One Owerri girl who returned from Kumasi Ghana claimed that her father died when she was eight years. This demise of his father left her with the responsibility of catering for her younger siblings and her mother who hails from Kumasi, Ghana. These challenges make her to dabble into prostitution. Child prostitution is not without its consequences, some of which are seemingly pardonable, whereas others are taboo at mere mention of them. High patronage of child prostitutes by wealthy men is another factor that has caused and sustained child prostitution ( Ekejiuba 1996: 13).Some teenage girls find it difficult to resist the temptation of prostitution because of huge sum of money they receive there-from. This accounts for why some IMSU, Alvan and FUTO ladies readily avail themselves for this business. Marxist oriented scholars see prostitution as an outgrowth of capitalism. Many of these see the gradual removal of subsidy from petroleum, which is the main balance of Nigerian economy as exposing many persons to difficulty and leading to sexual promiscuity.

Hardy’s use of symbolism and characters in Tess of the D’urbervilles Essay

The roles of rustic characters in Tess of the D’urbervilles are used in many concepts to express Tess’ superiority in the book. Throughout the novel Hardy emphasis his love of the character Tess, he has always made Tess stand out, for example in the opening when we first meet Tess she is described as the most beautiful dancer their but he has also added the red ribbon so she stands out in the crowd of white dresses. Tess of the D’urbervilles, like the other major works by Thomas Hardy, anticipates the twentieth century in regard to the nature and treatment of its subject matter. Tess is the twelfth novel published by Hardy. He began the novel in 1889 it was rejected by several other periodicals from July to December 1891. It was finally published in December 1891. The novel questions societies sexual mores by compassionately portraying a heroine who is seduced by the son of her employer and who thus is not considered pure and chaste women by the rest of the society. Upon its publication, Tess encountered brutally hostile reviews; although it is now considered a major work of fiction, the poor reception of Tess and Jude the Obscure precipitated Thomas Hardy’s transition from writing fiction to poetry. Tess of the D’urbervilles deals with several significant contemporary subjects for Hardy, including struggles of religious belief that occurred during Hardy’s lifetime Hardy was largely influenced by the Oxford movement a spiritual movement involving extremely devout thinking and actions. Hardy’s family members were primarily orthodox Christians and hardy himself considered entering the clergy, as did many of his relatives. Yet hardy eventually abandoned his devout faith in god based on the scientific advances of his contemporises, including most prominently Darwin’s on the origin of species. Hardy’s own religious experiences can thus be seen in the character of Angel Clare, who resists the conservative religious experiences beliefs of his parents to take a more religious and secular view of philosophy. The novel also reflects Hardy’s preoccupation with social class that continues through his novels. Hardy had connections in both the working class and the upper class, but felt that he belonged to neither. This is reflected in the pessimism contained in Tess of the D’urbervilles toward the chances for Tess to ascend in society and Angel’s precarious position as neither a member of the upper class nor a working person equivalent to his fellow milkers at Talbothays. Again, like Angel Clare, Thomas Hardy Found himself torn between different social spheres with which he could not fully align himself. Tess of the D’urbervilles reflects that divide. It was the stories he heard from his mother and grandmother he used in his story about secret baptisms, he witnessed a hanging of a woman who killed her husband for being unfaithful. Hardy was well of but still joined in, in all the country activities, he uses events from his background e.g. the wild country dancing; where he often played his violin he uses this in describing the dancing in Chaseborough. His affinity with nature and the rural environment is used very often in the novel because of his love of the countryside and his home life being around nature and animals he grew to love it and describes it with such emotional attachment when he talks about the season, which he has combined with symbolism. Hardy disliked anything new, and continued telling use this throughout the book since the beginning when Tess goes to Alec’s house he describes it as a ‘crimson brick lodge’ hardy always uses symbolism to represent things red (crimson) is a sign of danger and warning. And also mentioned ‘everything looked like new money-like the last coin issued from the mint. He doesn’t like anything new and states from the beginning that he doesn’t like the idea of Tess going to Alec at his house. Hardy describes the countryside and the season as a sign of symbolism like spring is a happy and cheerful season when good things happen and then when its cold, bad and misfortune takes place. He describes the old and traditional ways of Marlett with joy and happiness, he like the club walking because he describes the evening and the spring. He dislike the combine harvester by the industrial revolution because it destroys the nature and life; he writes that the animals ‘huddled together, friends and foes, till the last few yards of upright whet fell also under the teeth of the veering reaper and they where everyone put to death by the sticks and stones of the harvester’ he describes the whole thing in a negative attitude he calls the threshing machine at Flintomb Ash a ‘ red tyrant’. Hardy in some cases does make rustic characters friendly, sympathetic and kind e.g. whilst harvesting when the children brought Tess her baby they respected her and were sympathetic towards her. Also when her father made a fool of himself at the beginning they don’t laugh or sneer but understand their difficulties. When Tess returns to Trantridge her friends help cheer her up, also when Izzy tells Angel that Tess loves him more than anyone else. He makes them hard working to show they are better than urban dwellers like at the harvest field and farms. The brothers of Angel are not the rustic characters that hardy made the village people but more of upper class well of children who fell to higher than the rest of the village folk to talk part in dancing in public because they feel it is wrong and are afraid that someone may see them and know who they are. The family of Tess are almost the same, they don’t care about anybody but themselves and all they want after finding out that they are from a rich family is to have the money and well fair that will come from it. They don’t care for what they do to Tess to make her do what they want, and the children are only passengers on the shiftless house of the Durbeyfield going nowhere with no future. There are many other roles to the rustic characters the good and bad one the one who are kind, the ones who are jealous and hateful, some that have humour and make you laugh like the treacle and Car. The rustic characters are used to make Tess stand out more like the milk maids all like Angel but they say that Tess is pretty and that Angel likes her but they are not jealous, they accept her and are still her friend. When Car has treacle on her back she doesn’t like the fact that Tess is laughing at her because she is the favourite of Alec, also they say ‘ very well, miss Independence’ meaning that she is strong and won’t let others do the work for her and not many where like her. This does change the way we look at Tess she is made most superior than the others, made to stand out against all odds. The seasons changing symbolise the future events and the mood of the character. Like the faint luminous fog on page 86 just before the rape, this symbolises danger is up ahead and the fog is blinding Tess from the truth, and what’s about to happen. In the novel it stops her from seeing where they are going, so inevitably Alec uses this to his advantage to seduce her without realising. On page 3 it is spring everything is happy cheerful and people are safe and happy nothing can go wrong in May. Page 131 it is spring, which was the happiest time in Tess’ life so, it predicts that it is a new start it predicts a happy future for her. Page 90 when she is about to be rapped it writes that the chase was wrapped in thick darkness now she is totally blinded from all that is about to come, and all that is going to change her life. Tess is very careful in the things she does; the atmosphere around her reflects how she feels, and also the seasons. The dead leaves that she was lying on while she slept before the rape. This tells use that no matter what she doesn’t feel safe she likes the country life with the simple everyday living. She doesn’t trust the world beyond Trantridge, we see this in the way she feels living Trantridge for the first time. The colours are used to warn use of the future and certain characters. Darkness is used in the triangular tent door Alec comes out of darkness, which shows that his intensions are dark and evil. For example ‘darkness and silence ruled everywhere around’ when they where in the woods before the rape. Blue narcotic haze, it almost blinded her from what he’s thinking of almost drugging her unconscious of her present situation. Red is a sign of danger warns readers that something is going to happen. White is the sign of purity and fairness. The first time she leaves with Alec he writes ‘behind the green valley of her birth, before, a grey country of which she knew nothing’. Describes the journey to his home green-past, grey-future, green is what is good and full of life, safe. Grey is when she leaves her green happy life in to a grey bleak one. Red is the sign of danger and a warning. It is used throughout this book it starts with her wearing a red ribbon I believe this represents the fact that she is pretty and pure but the future ahead is full of struggle and danger. Hardy mentions that Alec has red smooth lips this states seduction. The crimson brick lodge-red, new, Hardy doesn’t like new non-country things at Alec’s house. Strawberries- red and always a symbol of seduction, so his intensions of giving her these are clear at his house the first time thy meet. The blood red ray- it means because she is blinded by the smoke she is blurred from the figure who is a dangerous person in her life while she eats. Overall Hardy has used rustic characters in many ways, to emphasis the fact that Tess is his favourite, to make her more superior then the that fact that she was educated till the 6th grade, which is something not many people where. The characters are also there for comfort and humour. Hardy uses symbolism to show danger, predict the future and show passing of seasons and show intensions of characters. In the book he also uses extended metaphors one example is the shiftless house of the Durbeyfields, this extended metaphor of the shiftless house talks about the children’s life in the house which has no destination how they have no choice or future entirely dependent on the choices of the two adults for there pleasure, their necessities, their health, even their existence. The image that is given is of a unstable complicated family with parents and the only choice the children have is to follow nothing else they can do except help when they get older, its no future for them in the ‘shiftless house of the Durbeyfields’. The extended metaphor when she is getting raped it talks about atmosphere, what she’s lost and then finds reason why it was done to her. It talks about no one looking out for her where was god. Where was the providence in her faith? Tess is his favourite character without a doubt he presents her in a light which finds her very favourable to him. Tess can be classed as a tragedy in the Shakespearean scene because basic flaws e.g. pride, guilt, stubbornness and excessive loyalty.

The Role of the Individual in Candide

All around the world the roles of the individual and of society are completely abstract. As the world changes and develops, the roles of the individual and society change to meet the needs of the people. Voltaire's Candide which involves France during the Age of Enlightment & Marx & Engels' Communist Manifesto which involves Germany around 1848 both discuss the roles of the individual and of society in different ways. In both pieces of literature what is expected of the individuals and of society is very different from what is presently happening. The Communist Manifesto discusses human nature and social class while Voltaire discusses the flaws of society and the realities that not everything is for the best. In Communist Manifesto, the role of an individual is to be an equal and work towards the greater good of society and the role of society is to provide equality for all people. However in Candide, the role of an individual is to be an individual while the role of society is based upon the society you are living in. The role of the individual according to Marx and Engels is to be an equal with everyone else in society. The immediate aim of the Communists is the same as that of all other proletarian parties: Formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat† (Communist Manifesto 13) The Bourgeois are the 0. 1% of the population that owns the means of production and The Proletariat are laborers who are 99. 9% of the population. Carl Marx state s here that the goal of Communism is equality for all. If you overthrow the Bourgeois it insures that power will be balanced because its 99. 9% in control now instead it’s 0. 1% in control. Marx describes his distaste for how everyone in society is being manipulated by the small percentage in control. Marx goes on to say that â€Å"The Bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rules of the towns. It has created enormous cities, has greatly increased the urban population as compared with the rural and has thus rescued a considerable part of the population for the idiocy of rural life† (Communist Manifesto 7) People are being control in a majority of their daily routines and being an individual is not something truly supported by the Bourgeoisie. â€Å"You say individuality vanishes. You must therefore confess that by â€Å"individual† you mean no other person than the bourgeois, than the middle-class owner of property† (The Communist Manifesto 16) The idea of communism is to encourage people to actually be individuals while being an active member of society. Although the role of the individual are made very clear by Marx they fail due the ideals of human nature. It is said that the human nature can be considered the downfall of communism. Communism as proposed should be extremely successful but due to human nature there is no way for communist success. The success declines as soon as it starts because people lose motivation. People have no motivation to work as hard as they possibly can because everyone is economically equal. This is a flaw of the communist society as opposed to capitalism. Marx wants people to work as an autonomous collective to gain power and take it away from capitalism however, people are only invested in something that benefits them, and communism relies on an â€Å"all for one, one for all attitudes. According to The Communist Manifesto. the role of society is to provide equality for all people. As stated â€Å"In bourgeois society, living labor is but a mean to increase labor. In communist society accumulated labor is but a means to widen, to enrich, to promote the existence of the laborer† (The Communist Manifesto 15) Marx describes a comparison between the society currently and what Marx’s hopes society will be. Individuals are promised so much more in a Communist society. The difference between the idea of increasing labor and widening labor although minuscule provides hope for the people who are sick of their current society. In communist society, the present dominates the past. In bourgeois society, capital is independent and has individuality while the living person is dependent and has no individuality† (The Communist Manifesto 15). This shows how people, while working toward the greater good have their own individuality under communist society. In a Communist Society although people are allowed to be unique they are all considered equal no matter what. In Candide the role of an individual is to be an individual. Voltaire, throughout the skill of repetition exploits how people behave. He describes for instance how everyone feels someone is better off than they are. Voltaire uses Candide's journeys to portray the human assumption that the grass is always greener on the other side. Now even though most people are not pleased with how their lives are currently, they are esteemed individuals. Individuals work for the benefits of themselves as they cultivate their farms and work hard to make sure their families are well fed and stable. â€Å"‘I have only twenty acres of land’ replied the Turk, ‘which my children and I cultivate. Our work keeps us free of three great evils: boredom, vice and poverty’† (Candide 112). This shows how in Candide, society’s individuals work hard on their own to make something out of themselves. According to Voltaire in Candide the role of society clearly depends on what kind of society you are currently living in. Societies, according to Voltaire had many flaws. As Candide comes to the land of Eldurado, we are shown an almost flawless society. â€Å"Candide asked to see the law courts, he was told that there were none, that lawsuits were unknown. He asked if there were prisons; the answer was no. †(Candide 64) In this nearly flawless society all men are free and the king is the complete opposite of a tyrant. â€Å"I know my country doesn’t amount to much, but when man is fairly well of somewhere, he ought to stay there. I certainly have no right to prevent foreigners from leaving: that kind of tyranny is sanctioned by neither our customs nor our laws† (Candide 66). Another society Candide discusses is Paris. â€Å"Yes, I’ve been in Paris: it’s a mixture of everything found in all the provinces. It’s a chaos, a restless throng in which everyone is looking for pleasure and hardly anyone finds it, or at least that’s how it seemed to me†(Candide 75) In Paris it seems that this society has no partake in it’s citizens lifestyle. The individuals yearn for what society has to offer them. Voltaire uses satire to take aim at the military, religion, and societies' shallowness to disprove Pangloss’ theory that â€Å"all is for the best†. The world that we live in is not the best of all possible worlds.

Gore & Associates case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gore & Associates case - Research Paper Example In this case, the organization is divided into decision-making entities and affording them powers to undertake routine forms of decisions with respect to the operations of those entities (Grindle, 2007). This paper will look into the W. L. Gore & Associates radical approach of devolving decision making to the lowest levels of its organization. In decentralization, methodical efforts are made to give power to subordinate levels. The delegation of power in decentralization is not from one person to another but to each entity in an establishment (Grindle, 2007). An organization is deemed extremely decentralized, when entrustment is company-wide within all divisions and functions. Decentralization differ from centralization since in centralization, decision-making power rests on one individual only. Additionally, centralization is a type of traditional supervision in India whereas decentralization is a standard practice in professional management (Burton & Obel, 1995). Everything, which attempts to upsurge the significance of subordinate’s duties is decentralization and everything, which reduces it is centralization (Burton & Obel, 1995). ... Therefore, devolution with respect to office may comprise departmentation of operations. When power is dispersed, devolution is present (Burton & Obel, 1995). The requirement for devolution is manipulated when the company develops in its scope, which demands broadening of office operations. Devolution ensues during decision formulating of routine kind but if verdicts are crucial, the power is not dispersed (Burton & Obel, 1995). The political factors technological development and accessibility of administrators also influence the extent of devolution. Devolution does not occur in its wholesome sense. There exists a combination of the two since some operations are integrated and some are devolved (Grindle, 2007). What are the strengths of this approach? Decentralization aids to enhance the quality of decision-making at top-level management. Decentralization of power among subordinates at each level within a firm releases the top management the excessive responsibilities saving them ti me to devote to more crucial and long-term glitches (Burton & Obel, 1995). This enhances the quality of top management decisions with respect to such problems. Devolution, therefore, provides top managers with chances of looking into other new methods of improving their companies by engaging in managerial forums (Grindle, 2007). The approach of devolving power to the lower levels in an organization accelerates diversification of operations in an organization. It is a subject of common knowledge that a company with departments upon the footing of its products accelerates diversification of market or products even when the power is centralized. Decentralization takes this procedure a footstep further.

Criminal justice admin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Criminal justice admin - Essay Example s been effective in reducing fatalities being caused by drinking yet lot more efforts are required to further reduce the fatalities and harms associated with the drinking. too get themselves involve in anti –social activities to overcome their needs of drinking. Underage drinkers can get into brawls and often find themselves in troubled waters with others and even with police officers or others who try to intervene. There are many reasons for this, which are related to their change in behavior patterns. Underage drinkers often show recklessness and overconfidence in their action and behavior with others. Intoxicated youngsters are not aware of what is happening around them and often find themselves incapable to resolve their own problems and often react violently and resort to all criminal activities. Surveys conducted at high schools and college students revealed the fact that more than 30 per cent students are heavy drunkards. Drinking is â€Å"A passage for some young souls into a lifetime of broken promises, broken families, and broken lives.† (Hazelden 2004) For the younger crowd, Street Racing is a way to show their superiority among their peers and classmates and has become a sign of masculine power. They often perform it in front of huge crowd, but away from the vigilance of police. Besides inflicting injury on themselves, with undue indulgences in street racing, they involve themselves in other antisocial activities like auto theft, physical attacks in case of failure to pay the racing bets, cruising, curfew violations and drunken driving. (Peak & Glenser 2008) Looking at the gravity of the problems and sensitivity of the issues concerned, the best policy measure is Communicative Policing. But before going on to take necessary actions in resolving the problems, analyzing the depth of problems is very important. Both the underage drinking and street racing is the gravest social issue and there are several other social problems associated with it. First

Discuss the theory of purchasing power parity, by considering its Essay

Discuss the theory of purchasing power parity, by considering its various forms and examining critically its assumptions and the - Essay Example The rate of exchange between two currencies can be termed as equilibrium when there is an equivalence in the purchasing powers of these countries at the domestic level (Taylor & Taylor 2004, p. 135). The theory of Purchasing Power Parity The formula for calculating purchasing power parity is as follows: S=P1/P2, where S refers to the rate used to exchange currency one with currency two, P1 is the price that good â€Å"x† costs when purchased in currency 1, and P2 is the price at which good â€Å"x† sells when purchased in currency 1. Based on the Purchasing Power Parity, there is an adjustment in the exchange rate in order to ensure that similar goods in two countries can be bought at the same price when the same currency is used to express the value of the good. There tends to be various forms that the Purchasing Power Parity takes. Some of the most common forms that this theory takes include the absolute Purchasing Power Parity and the Relative Purchasing Power Parity (Apte et. al., 2001). The concept of Absolute Purchasing Power Parity holds that the rate of currency exchange between two countries remains the same as the price level ratio in these countries. The absolute PPP borrows from the law of one price. Based on one price law, the cost of a certain product should remain constant across several countries. The similarity in price should be  in accordance to the currency value in the economies of both countries. This should take consideration of all other prices, such as trade regulations and other factors affecting market demand and supply, which should remain the same between these countries. The absolute Purchasing Power Parity also holds that there the purchasing power of the foreign and the domestic policy should remain the same. This means that there should be no variation in price when a consumer wants to exchange a foreign currency for a domestic currency, or a domestic currency for a foreign currency (Almas 2012, p. 1093). In orde r to meet the premises for the absolute Purchasing Power Parity, several conditions have to be fulfilled. One condition that must be met is free trade of the goods from each country in the international market. The other condition is that there ought to be a compromise of the price index of the price index for each of the two countries, which will be involved in the exchange of goods. Absolute PPP can result from the differences that exist in weighing, regardless of the fact that the law of one price can hold for certain goods across nations. While determining the absolute purchasing power parity, there is a tendency to examine the changes taking place in the level of the prices, which can be calculated easily (Apte et. al., 2001). Relative purchasing power parity can also be regarded as another form that the theory of PPP takes. Relative PPP focuses on the changes in the inflation rates, which may be anticipated, in relation to changes in the exchange rates between countries. The r elative purchasing power parity explores the change and variations in prices that take place between two countries. Relative PPP posits that there tends to be a change in the exchange rates in order to ensure that the variations and differentials, which inflation causes, can be compensated for and covered (Almas 2012, p. 1097). In the relative purchasing power parity, the formula that explains the relationship is as follows: S1/S0= (1 +